submitted by
Uric Dufrene, Ph.D., Sanders Chair in Business, Indiana University Southeast
A few weeks ago, the Economic Update suggested that there was an outside chance for the first Federal Reserve cut to come in July, but more than likely we would see the first cut in September. After the last batch of key economic releases, the FedWatch Tool is now pricing, with 100% odds that the first cut will come in September. We predicted that cuts would then come again in November and December. Current probabilities are now pointing to cuts in November and December. Will the economy see a recession in 2024, or will it simply hit an expected soft patch?
The odds of a September rate cut quickly changed with the release of the July employment report, coming in weaker than expected. The BLS reported that the nation’s economy added 114,000 jobs, far less than the expected level of 175,000. The unemployment rate increased from 4.1% to 4.3%. While the report showed that the labor market is weakening, as we have been expecting, the stock market reaction was probably an overreaction. Payroll growth slowed, but not far under what we would expect as normal job growth. The unemployment rate did notch upward, but a closer look suggests that the increase may not persist. The number of unemployed increased by 352,000, and of this amount, 249,000 were on temporary layoffs. Without the large increase in temporary layoffs, the unemployment rate would have remained unchanged at 4.1%.
One dynamic of the labor market over the past year has been the divergence between employment from the household survey and payrolls from the establishment survey. Employment from the household survey increased about 1.3 million (.8%) since last year, with some months showing declines. The establishment survey showed payroll growth at 2.4 million (1.5%), a difference of approximately 1 million. Historically, a divergence between these two series is usually followed by convergence. In the current state, convergence would require either a slowdown in payrolls or an acceleration in employment. Last week’s report produced a slowdown in payrolls, perhaps the start of slower growth from the establishment survey. The report also showed a decline in weekly hours worked, and a small gain in average hourly wages.
Following the report, expectations for a Fed cut in rates spiked. The FedWatch Tool is currently showing an almost even split between a reduction of a quarter or half a percent. Unless we get a much weaker payroll report for August, along with very soft inflation reports, the likely cut in September will be ¼% of a point.
Equity markets sold off with the release of the July employment report, and the signal of a slowing economy. Then came Monday, with the Dow dropping more than 1,000 points. Markets were somewhat relieved and cut losses after the release of the ISM Services report, pointing to expansion in the service economy.
More encouraging news came later in the week, with the release of new claims for unemployment. For the past several weeks, claims had been trending upward, an indicator of a slower economy. Markets were surprised when claims came in below what was expected and surged as a result.
The market turbulence last week was a combination of Fed inaction and market overreaction. With CPI less food, energy, and shelter rate running under 2%, a justification could have been made for the first cut in July. Market overreaction came in response to the national employment report on Friday, followed by Monday’s Yen carry trade-related sell-offs.
The softening of payrolls brought a significant decline in the 10-year Treasury yield, a precursor to lower mortgage rates. 30-year mortgage rates have come down to 6.5%, and this will bring about a boost to the supply of homes, thus applying headwinds to shelter costs. One reason for the current limited supply of homes has been the “lock-in” effect from homeowners with sub-4% mortgages. A reduction in rates will boost supply, as homeowners exercise options to either scale up or down in home ownership preferences.
We are not ready to declare a recession just yet. While the labor market will continue to soften, this is also a matter of normalization of the macro-economy. Payroll changes averaged 251,000 a month in 2023, and that is still too high. Unemployment claims have risen from earlier levels but remain low compared to historical levels. Job openings have declined but still at levels that exceed the number of unemployed. Recession territory would need to see the opposite. Negative year-over-year changes in industrial production usually correspond to a recession, but for the last two months, the change in industrial production has turned positive, a reversal from the first quarter. The economy has not escaped a recession just yet. Keys to watch in the coming weeks will be the labor market and consumer spending. If both weaken considerably, recession calls will increase in intensity.